{"id":40205,"date":"2024-12-08T02:35:51","date_gmt":"2024-12-07T23:35:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/gencpartners.com.tr\/?p=40205"},"modified":"2024-12-10T14:41:26","modified_gmt":"2024-12-10T11:41:26","slug":"ortakligin-satis-yolu-ile-giderilmesi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/gencpartners.com.tr\/en\/ortakligin-satis-yolu-ile-giderilmesi\/","title":{"rendered":"Elimination of Partnership through Sale"},"content":{"rendered":"

ORTAKLI\u011eIN SATI\u015e YOLU \u0130LE G\u0130DER\u0130LMES\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n

A. G\u0130R\u0130\u015e<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0130\u015fbu bilgi notunun konusunu ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n sat\u0131\u015f yolu ile giderilmesi olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Bu kapsamda ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n sat\u0131\u015f yolu ile giderilmesinin mevzuat, i\u00e7tihat ve doktrindeki yeri ele al\u0131nacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

B. ORTAKLI\u011eIN SATI\u015e YOLU \u0130LE G\u0130DER\u0130LMES\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n

1.GENEL OLARAK<\/strong><\/p>\n

Payl\u0131 m\u00fclkiyetin sona erdirilmesi i\u00e7in d\u00fczenlenen yollardan bir tanesi de payla\u015fma istemidir. \u015e\u00f6yle ki, payl\u0131 mal payda\u015flardan birine veya bir \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015fiye devredilirse veya terkedilirse, payl\u0131 m\u00fclkiyet t\u00fcm payda\u015flar i\u00e7in sona ermektedir. Devir ve terk i\u015flemi bir tasarruf i\u015flemi oldu\u011fundan, bu i\u015flemlerin ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilebilmesi i\u00e7in payda\u015flar\u0131n oybirli\u011fi aranmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

4721 say\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcrk Medeni Kanunu\u2019nun\u00a0(\u201cTMK\u201d)<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0698. maddesinde payla\u015fma isteme hakk\u0131 d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. S\u00f6z konusu madde h\u00fckm\u00fc\u00a0\u201cHukuk\u00ee bir i\u015flem gere\u011fince veya payl\u0131 mal\u0131n s\u00fcrekli bir amaca \u00f6zg\u00fclenmi\u015f olmas\u0131 sebebiyle payl\u0131 m\u00fclkiyeti devam ettirme y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bulunmad\u0131k\u00e7a, payda\u015flardan her biri mal\u0131n payla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 isteyebilir. Payla\u015fmay\u0131 isteme hakk\u0131, hukuk\u00ee bir i\u015flemle en \u00e7ok on y\u0131ll\u0131k s\u00fcre ile s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131labilir. Ta\u015f\u0131nmazlarda payl\u0131 m\u00fclkiyetin devam\u0131na ili\u015fkin s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler, resm\u00ee \u015fekle ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r ve tapu k\u00fct\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne \u015ferh verilebilir. Uygun olmayan zamanda payla\u015fma isteminde bulunulamaz.\u201d<\/em>\u00a0h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fc havidir. Buna g\u00f6re payla\u015fma hakk\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131labilmesi i\u00e7in payl\u0131 mal\u0131n s\u00fcrekli bir amaca \u00f6zg\u00fclenmemi\u015f olmas\u0131, payda\u015flar\u0131n aras\u0131nda en \u00e7ok 10 y\u0131l boyunca payla\u015fma isteme hakk\u0131n\u0131n ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik bir s\u00f6zle\u015fme haz\u0131rlanmam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 ve payla\u015fman\u0131n uygun bir zamanda istenmesi gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n

Payla\u015fma isteme hakk\u0131, payl\u0131 m\u00fclkiyetin sona erdirilmesi i\u00e7in payda\u015flara tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f bir yenilik do\u011furan hak oldu\u011fu kabul edilmektedir. Ancak bu durum doktrinde tart\u0131\u015fma konusudur. Bu hak, paya ba\u011fl\u0131 bir hakt\u0131r. Payla\u015fman\u0131n ise mutlaka dava yolu ile yap\u0131lmas\u0131 \u015fart\u0131 bulunmamaktad\u0131r[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Payda\u015flardan birinin payla\u015fma isteme hakk\u0131n\u0131 kullanmas\u0131 durumunda, di\u011fer payda\u015flar payla\u015fmay\u0131 yerine getirme borcu alt\u0131na girmektedir. Payla\u015fma, hakk\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 ile de\u011fil payla\u015fman\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi ile meydana gelmektedir. Bu hakk\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 yaln\u0131zca payla\u015fmay\u0131 yapma borcunu do\u011furtmaktad\u0131r[2]<\/a>. Buna ili\u015fkin olarak Yarg\u0131tay 14. Hukuk Dairesinin 27.05.2014 tarihli 2014\/2111 E. 2014\/6997 K. say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131nda\u00a0\u201cSat\u0131\u015f yolu ile ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n giderilmesine dair mahkeme karar\u0131n\u0131n kesinle\u015fmesi ile ortakl\u0131k sona ermez.\u00a0Payl\u0131 m\u00fclkiyetin sona ermesi\u00a0TMK\u2019n\u0131n\u00a0699<\/a>. maddesinde belirtilmi\u015f olup, sat\u0131\u015f suretiyle ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n giderilmesine dair ilam ile m\u00fc\u015fterek m\u00fclkiyetin sona erdi\u011fini kabul etmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. \u0130lam infaz edilmedik\u00e7e, her payda\u015f payda\u015fl\u0131ktan do\u011fan haklar\u0131n\u0131 kullanabilir.\u201d\u00a0<\/em>\u015feklinde h\u00fck\u00fcm tesis edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

2.PAYLA\u015eMANIN YAPILI\u015eI<\/strong><\/p>\n

Payla\u015fma i\u015flemi r\u0131zai ve kazai olarak iki \u015fekilde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilebilmektedir. Payla\u015fma bi\u00e7imi TMK\u2019n\u0131n 699. maddesinde d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. S\u00f6z konusu madde\u00a0\u201cPayla\u015fma, mal\u0131n aynen b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015f\u00fclmesi veya pazarl\u0131k ya da art\u0131rmayla sat\u0131larak bedelinin b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015f\u00fclmesi bi\u00e7iminde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilir. Payla\u015fma bi\u00e7iminde uyu\u015fma sa\u011flanamazsa, payda\u015flardan birinin istemi \u00fczerine h\u00e2kim, mal\u0131n aynen b\u00f6l\u00fcnerek payla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na, b\u00f6l\u00fcnen par\u00e7alar\u0131n de\u011ferlerinin birbirine denk d\u00fc\u015fmemesi h\u00e2linde eksik de\u011ferdeki par\u00e7aya para eklenerek denkle\u015ftirme sa\u011flanmas\u0131na karar verir.\u201d<\/em>\u00a0h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fc i\u00e7ermektedir.<\/p>\n

Bir veya birka\u00e7 payda\u015f\u0131n payla\u015fma hakk\u0131n\u0131 kullanmas\u0131 halinde, di\u011fer payda\u015flar taraf\u0131ndan, do\u011fan payla\u015fma borcu r\u0131zaen yerine getirilebilmektedir. Taraflar bu \u015fekildeki payla\u015fmay\u0131, mal\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcnse par\u00e7alara ay\u0131rarak, bedelini payla\u015fmak \u00fczere pazarl\u0131k yolu ile veya artt\u0131rma ile i\u00e7lerinden birine veya \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc bir ki\u015fiye satarak yapabilmektedirler. Bu durumda payla\u015fma, taksim veya payla\u015fma s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi ile yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fundan bu s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin ge\u00e7erlilik ko\u015fullar\u0131 da payl\u0131 m\u00fclkiyet konusunun ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r veya ta\u015f\u0131nmaz olmas\u0131na g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fecek ve ta\u015f\u0131nmazlar i\u00e7in TMK\u2019n\u0131n 701. maddesi uyar\u0131nca resmi \u015fekil gerektirecektir[3]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Ancak bir veya birka\u00e7 payda\u015f payla\u015fmaya yana\u015fmazsa veya taraflar payla\u015fman\u0131n tarz\u0131nda anla\u015famazlarsa, payla\u015fman\u0131n mahkeme arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla sa\u011flanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in dava a\u00e7\u0131labilmektedir. A\u00e7\u0131lan dava izale-i \u015f\u00fcyu davas\u0131 olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. \u00a0Bu durum kazai payla\u015fma olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. S\u00f6z konusu dava 6100 say\u0131l\u0131 Hukuk Muhakemeleri Kanunu\u2019nun\u00a0(\u201cHMK\u201d)\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>4. maddesi uyar\u0131nca sulh hukuk mahkemelerinde g\u00f6r\u00fclen bir eda davas\u0131 niteli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. S\u00f6z konusu davan\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131labilmesi i\u00e7in herhangi bir zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131 veya hak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc s\u00fcre belirlenmemi\u015ftir. Dava, payl\u0131 m\u00fclkiyet ili\u015fkisinin devam etti\u011fi s\u00fcre boyunca her zaman a\u00e7\u0131labilmektedir[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

TMK\u2019n\u0131n 699. maddesinde belirtildi\u011fi \u00fczere h\u00e2kim bu davada, mal\u0131n aynen b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcnse mal\u0131n b\u00f6l\u00fcnerek payla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na karar vermektedir. Zira bu durum emredici nitelik ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Aynen payla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmada, mal payda\u015f say\u0131s\u0131na ayr\u0131l\u0131r ve pay\u0131 nispetinde her payda\u015fa \u00f6zg\u00fclenme yani tahsis yap\u0131l\u0131r. \u00d6zg\u00fclenen par\u00e7alar aras\u0131nda bir de\u011fer fark\u0131 meydana gelirse bu fark ivaz (para) ilave edilerek kapat\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca aradaki fark\u0131n ivaz ile kapat\u0131lmas\u0131 payda\u015flar\u0131n r\u0131zas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 de\u011fildir. Ancak bu noktada \u00f6nemle belirtmek gerekir ki, payda\u015flar\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne para, bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne m\u00fc\u015fterek e\u015fyadan par\u00e7a verilmesi yoluna gidilememektedir[5]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Ancak aynen b\u00f6l\u00fcnme m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011filse ya da h\u00e2kim taraf\u0131ndan aynen b\u00f6l\u00fcnme isteminin durum ve ko\u015fullara uymamas\u0131 halinde ve \u00f6zellikle payl\u0131 mal\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir de\u011fer kayb\u0131na u\u011framadan b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011filse a\u00e7\u0131k artt\u0131rma ile sat\u0131\u015f\u0131na karar verilmektedir[6]<\/a>. Artt\u0131rma ise sadece payda\u015flar aras\u0131nda yap\u0131labilece\u011fi gibi umuma a\u00e7\u0131k bir \u015fekilde de ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilebilir. S\u00f6z konusu sat\u0131\u015f\u0131n payda\u015flar aras\u0131nda artt\u0131rmayla yap\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in t\u00fcm payda\u015flar\u0131n r\u0131zas\u0131 aranmaktad\u0131r. B\u00f6yle bir anla\u015fma varsa, h\u00e2kim pazarl\u0131kla sat\u0131\u015fa karar veremeyecektir. Bu kapsamda Yarg\u0131tay 14. Hukuk Dairesi 08.02.2017 tarihli ve 2015\/7945 E. 2017\/852 K. say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131nda\u00a0\u201cPayda\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n giderilmesi ve payda\u015fl\u0131ktan \u00e7\u0131karma davalar\u0131 amac\u0131 ve sonucu itibariyle farkl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6stermekte ise de uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc i\u00e7in izlenecek yol ve yap\u0131lacak ara\u015ft\u0131rma, inceleme a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan benzerlikler ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Ger\u00e7ekten konunun d\u00fczenlendi\u011fi TMK\u2019n\u0131n\u00a0696<\/a>. Maddesinde ( MK 626\/a ) a\u00e7\u0131klanan y\u00f6nteme g\u00f6re payda\u015fl\u0131ktan \u00e7\u0131karma davas\u0131nda da payda\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n giderilmesi davas\u0131nda oldu\u011fu gibi \u00f6ncelikle payda\u015fl\u0131ktan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 istenen payda\u015f\u0131n pay\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layacak k\u0131sm\u0131n maldan ay\u0131rmaya olanak bulunup bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n yani pay\u0131n aynen ayr\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekir. Bu hususun tespiti i\u00e7in izlenen yol mal\u0131n aynen b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015f\u00fclmesi ( aynen taksim ) suretiyle\u00a0payl\u0131 m\u00fclkiyetin sona ermesi\u00a0davas\u0131ndaki yolun ayn\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r. Payda\u015f\u0131n pay\u0131n\u0131n aynen ayr\u0131lmas\u0131na olanak bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 halinde bu pay\u0131 isteyen payda\u015f da bulunmazsa h\u00e2kim, daval\u0131ya pay\u0131n\u0131 devretmesi i\u00e7in bir s\u00fcre belirler ve bu s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde devredilmeyen pay\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131k art\u0131rmayla sat\u0131\u015f\u0131na karar verir. Payda\u015fl\u0131ktan \u00e7\u0131karma davalar\u0131nda da payda\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n giderilmesi davas\u0131nda oldu\u011fu gibi paya ait sat\u0131\u015f karar\u0131 cebri icra yoluyla paraya \u00e7evirmeye dair h\u00fck\u00fcmler uyar\u0131nca yerine getirilir.\u201d<\/em>\u00a0\u015feklinde h\u00fck\u00fcm tesis edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Mahkeme taraf\u0131ndan payl\u0131 m\u00fclkiyetin sat\u0131\u015f yoluyla giderilmesine karar verilmesinin ard\u0131ndan karar\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcm k\u0131sm\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a sat\u0131\u015f\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131k artt\u0131rma suretiyle yap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6sterilmesi gerekmektedir. Bu do\u011frultuda Yarg\u0131tay 14. Hukuk Dairesi 30.10.2017 tarihli ve 2015\/17190 E. 2017\/7890 K. say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131nda\u00a0\u201cH\u00fck\u00fcm sonucunda sat\u0131\u015f\u0131n genel\u00a0a\u00e7\u0131k artt\u0131rma\u00a0suretiyle yap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 hususu belirtilmedi\u011finden h\u00fckm\u00fcn bu k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131 do\u011fru g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f ise de bu hususlar maddi hatadan kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan karar\u0131n bozulmas\u0131n\u0131 ve yeniden yarg\u0131lama yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirmedi\u011finden HUMK\u2019n\u0131n\u00a0438<\/a>\/7. maddesi gere\u011fince h\u00fck\u00fcm sonucunun a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki \u015fekilde d\u00fczeltilerek onanmas\u0131na karar vermek gerekmi\u015ftir.\u201d<\/em>\u00a0\u015feklinde; Yarg\u0131tay 14. Hukuk Dairesi\u2019nin 09.01.2018 tarihli ve 2016\/1330 E. 2018\/127 K. say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131nda\u00a0\u201cYukar\u0131da a\u00e7\u0131klanan nedenlerle, daval\u0131 hazine vekilinin temyiz itirazlar\u0131n\u0131n kab\u00fcl\u00fc ile h\u00fck\u00fcm sonucunun birinci bendinde yer alan \u201csat\u0131\u015f suretiyle giderilmesine\u201d ibaresinden sonra gelmek \u00fczere \u201csat\u0131\u015f\u0131n genel\u00a0a\u00e7\u0131k artt\u0131rma\u00a0yoluyla\u201d ibaresinin eklenmesine\u00a0\u2026\u201d<\/em>\u00a0\u015feklinde ve yine ayn\u0131 do\u011frultuda Yarg\u0131tay 14. Hukuk Dairesi\u2019nin 04.12.2017 tarihli ve 2016\/134 E. 2017\/9042 K. say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131nda\u00a0\u201cYukar\u0131da (1) numaral\u0131 bentte a\u00e7\u0131klanan sebeplerle h\u00fck\u00fcm sonucunun bir numaral\u0131 bendinde yer alan \u201cortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n alenen sat\u0131\u015f yolu ile giderilmesi\u201d ibarelerinden sonra gelmek \u00fczere, \u201c sat\u0131\u015f\u0131n genel\u00a0a\u00e7\u0131k artt\u0131rma\u00a0sureti ile yap\u0131lmas\u0131na\u201d ibaresinin eklenmesine ve\u2026\u201d<\/em>\u00a0\u015feklinde h\u00fck\u00fcm tesis edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Payl\u0131 m\u00fclkiyet, h\u00e2kimin karar\u0131 uyar\u0131nca mal\u0131n fiilen payla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 tamamlanmadan veya sat\u0131l\u0131p m\u00fclkiyet devredilmeden sona ermemektedir[7]<\/a>. S\u00f6z konusu a\u00e7\u0131k artt\u0131rma ile sat\u0131\u015f i\u015flemi 2004 say\u0131l\u0131 \u0130cra \u0130flas Kanunu h\u00fck\u00fcmleri \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmektedir. Sat\u0131\u015f sonunda elde edilen para ise payda\u015flar aras\u0131nda paylar\u0131 oran\u0131nda da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lmaktad\u0131r[8]<\/a>. Bu do\u011frultuda Yarg\u0131tay 14. Hukuk Dairesi 16.01.2018 tarihli ve 2016\/13155 E. 2018\/311 K. say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131nda\u00a0\u201cPayda\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n (ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n) giderilmesi davalar\u0131, payl\u0131 m\u00fclkiyet veya elbirli\u011fi m\u00fclkiyetine konu ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r veya ta\u015f\u0131nmaz mallarda payda\u015flar (ortaklar) aras\u0131nda mevcut birlikte m\u00fclkiyet ili\u015fkisini sona erdirip ferdi m\u00fclkiyete ge\u00e7meyi sa\u011flayan, iki tarafl\u0131, taraflar\u0131 i\u00e7in benzer sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furan davalard\u0131r. Payda\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n sat\u0131\u015f suretiyle giderilmesine karar verilmesi halinde sat\u0131\u015f\u0131n nas\u0131l yap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n, sat\u0131\u015f bedelinin hangi oranda da\u011f\u0131t\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n, harc\u0131n ve yarg\u0131lama giderlerinin payda\u015flara hangi oranda y\u00fcklenece\u011finin h\u00fck\u00fcm sonucunda g\u00f6sterilmesi gerekir.\u201d<\/em>\u00a0\u015feklinde h\u00fck\u00fcm tesis etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Bu \u015fekilde nakden payla\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131n s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011fu durumlarda, usul\u00fcne uygun bir bi\u00e7imde artt\u0131rmaya kat\u0131l\u0131p en y\u00fcksek peyi s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7in kendisine ihale yap\u0131lan ki\u015fi o anda m\u00fclkiyeti kazanmaktad\u0131r. Onun ihaleyle birlikte m\u00fclkiyeti kazanmas\u0131 payl\u0131 m\u00fclkiyet ili\u015fkisinin sona erdi\u011fi anlam\u0131na gelmektedir[9]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

C. SONU\u00c7<\/strong><\/p>\n

Yukar\u0131daki de\u011ferlendirmeler ele al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda sonu\u00e7lar a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki gibidir:<\/p>\n